ACI Course 7 — The Vows of the Bodhisattva · Class 5 · 根本堕 10–18
The Root Vows, Part Two · 根本堕 10–18
本閱讀材料為格西麥可·羅奇（Geshe Michael Roach）老師所著《亞洲經典學院第七門課程》Class 5 教材，以現代白話中文翻譯。
閱讀材料中，紅字代表格西老師英譯本中以斜體標示之字句——多數情況指論釋時直接引用根本詩的字句；少數情況指書名、人名音譯、藏文詞彙音譯。
§1 · 全文
Reading Five: The Root Vows, Part Two
阅读五：根本戒，第二部分
The following selection is taken from the String of Shining Jewels, by Geshe Tsewang Samdrup (c. 1835), ff. 17A-18A.
以下选文出自格西次旺桑竹（约1835年）所著的《明亮宝珠串》，对开页17A–18A。
(10) The root downfall of destroying towns and such
(10) 毁坏城镇等的根本堕
You commit this when destroy towns, or cities, or whole areas, or entire countries. This can be divided into the four different root downfalls of destroying towns, and then each of the rest.
当你毁坏城镇、都市、整片地区或整个国家时，就犯下这条戒。这条可以细分为四条不同的根本堕：毁坏城镇是一条，其余各项也各算一条。
(11) The root downfall of teaching emptiness to a person who is not yet mentally prepared
(11) 向意识（心）尚未准备好的人教导空性的根本堕
You commit this with a person who has not yet reached a level where he or she can absorb the teachings on emptiness, and yet who has been able to develop the wish to achieve total enlightenment. The downfall is completed when, as a result of your teaching them emptiness, they become frightened—in such a way that they turn back from their wish to achieve full enlightenment, and develop instead a wish to achieve the goals of the lower way.
犯下这条戒的对象是这样的人：他还没有达到能够吸收空性教法的程度，却已经能够生起想要达成完全证悟的愿心。因为你对他教导空性，他心生恐惧，以致从想要达成完全证悟的愿心退转，转而生起想要达成下乘的目标的愿望——这时，这条堕罪就完整成立了。
(12) The root downfall of causing a person to turn back from total enlightenment
(12) 令人从完全证悟退转的根本堕
Committing this begins when you say the following to a person who has already developed the wish to achieve total enlightenment:
犯下这条戒是这样开始的：对方已经生起了想要达成完全证悟的愿心，你却对他说出下面的话：
You will never be able to carry out the six perfections, and actually reach Buddhahood. If you strive instead for the goals of the listeners and self-made Buddhas, then you will manage to liberate yourself from the circle of suffering life."
“你永远不可能实践六个完美，真正达到佛果。你不如转而追求听者（声闻）与独觉的目标，这样你就能把自己从痛苦的轮回中解脱出来。”
When because of your talking this way the person turns back from his or her wish to achieve full enlightenment, the downfall is complete.
对方因为你这样说，而从想要达成完全证悟的愿心退转——这时，这条堕罪就成立了。
(13) The root downfall of causing a person to give up the morality of freedom
(13) 使人放弃个人自由的戒（别解脱戒）的根本堕
You commit this with a person who is keeping properly the morality of individual freedom. You say to him or her, "What's the use of keeping the morality of freedom pure? You should rather develop the wish to achieve full enlightenment—you should come over to the greater way." And then you say, "If you do so, you'll be able to stop each and every bad deed committed through any of the three doors of expression."
犯下这条戒的对象，是一位正在如法守住个人自由的戒（别解脱戒）的人。你对他说：“把个人自由的戒守得那么纯净（清净）有什么用？你应该生起想要达成完全证悟的愿心——你应该转入大乘道。”接着你又说：“如果你这么做，三种表达之门，不管哪一门造出来的恶行，每一个你都能停下来。”
When because of your talking this way the person turns away from the morality of individual freedom, the root downfall is completed.
对方因为你这样说而放弃个人自由的戒——这时，这条根本堕就完整成立了。
(14) The root downfall of holding that a person cannot eliminate desire and the rest by following the way of the learner
(14) 认为“走小乘道没办法彻底去掉欲望（贪）等烦恼”的根本堕
You commit this when you hold that the realizations of listeners and self-made Buddhas could never liberate a person from the circle of suffering life: you discount the lesser way, saying "Regardless of how much a person might train himself in the ways of the listeners and the self-made Buddhas, he could never thereby eliminate the mental afflictions in their entirety."
当你执持这样的见解，就犯下这条戒：认为听者与独觉的证悟绝不可能把人从痛苦的轮回中解脱出来。你贬低小乘道，说：“一个人不管在听者与独觉的道路上怎样训练自己，都绝不可能因此把烦恼全部彻底去掉。”
The root downfall of criticizing someone else due to one's desire for the adulation of others
因贪求他人吹捧而批评别人的根本堕
With this root downfall you are reciting teachings of the greater way, or reading them, presenting them to others, or anything of the like, all out of an attachment to material gain or the respect of others. At the same time though you claim, "I am a practitioner of the greater way who has no concern for material gain, the respect of others, or any such thing. That other person though is not this way at all." The downfall is complete when you have expressed the praise on one hand, and the criticism on the other.
这条根本堕是这样犯下的：你出于对财物利养或他人尊敬的贪恋，而在念诵大乘教法、阅读这些教法、向别人讲说这些教法，或做类似的事。但与此同时你却宣称：“我是大乘的修行人，对财物利养、他人尊敬这类东西毫不在意。那个人可完全不是这样。”当你一边说出这样的赞扬、一边说出这样的批评时，这条堕罪就成立了。
It is stated that, since this root downfall is subsumed by the first downfall—that of praising oneself and criticizing others—it should not be counted as a separate downfall.
据说，这条根本堕已经包含在第一条根本堕——称赞自己、贬低他人——里面，所以不应把它单独算作一条。
(15) The root downfall of professing the complete opposite
(15) 宣称完全相反内容的根本堕
You commit this as follows. In actuality, you have yet to perceive emptiness directly. Nonetheless you teach the subject of emptiness to others and say, "Meditate as I have taught you, and you will come to see emptiness; then you'll be just like me." The downfall is completed as soon as the other person grasps the meaning of your words.
犯下这条戒的情形如下。实际上，你还没有直接见到空性。尽管如此，你仍向别人教导空性这个主题，并说：“照我教你的去冥想，你就会见到空性；那时你就会和我一样了。”只要对方领会了你话中的意思，这条堕罪就完整成立了。
(16) The root downfall of accepting what belongs to the Jewels when someone presents it to you
(16) 接受本来属于三宝、后来被罚没之物的根本堕
Suppose a king and his minister or any such official is exacting some punishment, and has taken an object that belongs to the Jewels, or to the Sangha, or to an individual monk. And suppose that they offer it to you. You commit this downfall when you accept the thing, and come into possession of it.
假设有国王和他的大臣，或任何这类官员正在执行某种处罚，夺走了一件属于三宝、僧团或某位僧人个人的物品。又假设他们把这件物品献给你。当你接受这件东西并把它据为己有时，就犯下这条堕罪。
(17) The root downfall of rejecting the practice of quietude, and giving the possessions of meditators to those whose practice is recitation
(17) 拒绝寂止的修行、把冥想者的财物送给诵经修行者的根本堕
You commit this as follows. Out of feelings of dislike for them, you take away the possessions of meditators who are average people engaged in balanced meditation on quietude. Then you give these possessions to persons whose practice is recitation.
犯下这条戒的情形如下。有一些冥想者是普通人，正在对寂止进行平稳安定的冥想。你出于对他们的厌恶，夺走他们的财物，然后把这些财物送给以诵经为修行的人。
(18) The root downfall of discarding the wish for enlightenment
(18) 放弃菩提心（证悟之愿）的根本堕
You commit this if you ever give up the wish for enlightenment.
无论什么时候，只要你放弃了菩提心（证悟之愿），就犯下这条戒。